1. Dab tsi yog apolymerkev pab?Nws txoj haujlwm yog dab tsi?
Teb: Cov khoom siv ntxiv yog ntau yam tshuaj pabcuam uas yuav tsum tau muab ntxiv rau qee yam khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim khoom lossis kev ua haujlwm los txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab txhim kho cov khoom ua haujlwm.Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov resins thiab cov roj hmab nyoos rau hauv cov khoom yas thiab roj hmab, ntau yam khoom siv tshuaj yog xav tau.
Muaj nuj nqi: ① Txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov polymers, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab xa cov kev ua haujlwm zoo;② Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom, txhim kho lawv cov nqi thiab kev ua neej nyob.
2.Dab tsi yog qhov compatibility ntawm additives thiab polymers?Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev txau thiab tawm hws yog dab tsi?
Teb: Txau polymerization - nag lossis daus ntawm cov khoom additives;hws - nag lossis daus ntawm cov kua additives.
Lub compatibility ntawm additives thiab polymers hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm additives thiab polymers yuav tsum uniformly tov ua ke nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev tsis ua rau theem sib cais thiab los nag;
3.Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm plasticizers yog dab tsi?
Teb: Ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm cov ntawv cog lus thib ob ntawm cov molecules polymer, hu ua van der Waals rog, ua rau kom muaj zog ntawm cov saw hlau polymer thiab txo lawv cov crystallinity.
4.Vim li cas polystyrene muaj oxidation zoo dua li polypropylene?
Teb: Qhov tsis ruaj tsis khov H yog hloov los ntawm pawg phenyl loj, thiab qhov laj thawj vim li cas PS tsis tuaj yeem ua rau kev laus yog tias lub nplhaib benzene muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm H;PP muaj tertiary hydrogen thiab nws yooj yim rau kev laus.
5.Dab tsi yog vim li cas rau PVC cov cua kub tsis ruaj khov?
Teb: ① Cov qauv saw molecular muaj cov residues pib thiab allyl chloride, uas ua kom cov pab pawg ua haujlwm.Cov pab pawg kawg ob daim ntawv cog lus txo cov thermal stability;② Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa oxygen nrawm tshem tawm HCL thaum lub sij hawm thermal degradation ntawm PVC;③ HCl tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj cov nyhuv catalytic rau qhov degradation ntawm PVC;④ Kev cuam tshuam ntawm plasticizer ntau npaum.
6. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov cua sov stabilizer yog dab tsi?
Teb: ① Absorb thiab neutralize HCL, inhibit nws tsis siv neeg catalytic nyhuv;② Hloov tsis ruaj tsis khov allyl chloride atoms hauv PVC molecules los tiv thaiv kev rho tawm ntawm HCl;③ Ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov qauv polyene cuam tshuam kev tsim cov tshuab loj sib txuas thiab txo cov xim;④ ntes cov dawb radicals thiab tiv thaiv oxidation tshwm sim;⑤ Neutralization los yog passivation ntawm hlau ions los yog lwm yam teeb meem tshuaj uas catalyze degradation;⑥ Nws muaj kev tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv, thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet.
7.Vim li cas cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet yog qhov ua kom puas tsuaj rau cov polymers?
Teb: Ultraviolet nthwv dej yog qhov ntev thiab muaj zog, rhuav tshem cov khoom siv tshuaj polymer feem ntau.
8. Hom kev sib koom ua ke ua rau cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab yog dab tsi, thiab nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab kev ua haujlwm yog dab tsi?
Teb: Intumescent nplaim retardants muaj nyob rau hauv phosphorus nitrogen synergistic system.
Mechanism: Thaum cov polymer uas muaj cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau, ib txheej txheej ntawm carbon npuas tuaj yeem tsim rau ntawm nws qhov chaw.Cov txheej txheem muaj cov nplaim hluav taws zoo vim nws cov rwb thaiv tsev kub, kev sib cais oxygen, kev haus luam yeeb thiab tiv thaiv drip.
9. Qhov ntsuas pa oxygen yog dab tsi, thiab qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov pa ntsuas thiab cov nplaim hluav taws kub yog dab tsi?
Teb: OI = O2 / (O2 N2) x 100%, qhov twg O2 yog cov pa oxygen txaus;N2: Nitrogen ntws tus nqi.Cov pa ntsuas pa yog hais txog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus qhov feem pua ntawm cov pa uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov pa nitrogen oxygen sib xyaw ua ke thaum muaj qee yam qauv tuaj yeem hlawv tsis tu ncua thiab tsis tu ncua xws li tswm ciab.OI <21 yog flammable, OI yog 22-25 nrog nws tus kheej extinguishing zog, 26-27 yog ib qho nyuaj rau ignite, thiab saum toj no 28 yog heev nyuaj rau ignite.
10.Yuav ua li cas lub antimony halide nplaim retardant system muaj kev sib koom ua ke?
Teb: Sb2O3 feem ntau yog siv rau antimony, thaum cov organic halides feem ntau siv rau halides.Sb2O3 / tshuab yog siv nrog halides vim nws kev cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen halide tso tawm los ntawm halides.
Thiab cov khoom yog thermally decomposed rau hauv SbCl3, uas yog ib tug volatile roj nrog ib tug boiling point.Cov pa roj no muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab tuaj yeem nyob hauv thaj chaw combustion rau lub sijhawm ntev kom dilute cov pa hluav taws xob, cais cov huab cua, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev thaiv cov olefins;Qhov thib ob, nws tuaj yeem ntes cov dawb radicals uas tuaj yeem tua hluav taws.Tsis tas li ntawd, SbCl3 condenses rau hauv cov tee dej zoo li cov khoom tawg ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws, thiab nws cov phab ntsa cuam tshuam cov cua sov ntau, ua rau qeeb lossis nres qhov kev sib tsoo ceev.Feem ntau hais lus, qhov piv ntawm 3: 1 yog qhov tsim nyog rau chlorine rau hlau atoms.
11. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob yog dab tsi?
Teb: ① Cov khoom decomposition ntawm nplaim hluav taws kub combustion ua ib qho uas tsis yog-volatile thiab tsis oxidizing glassy nyias zaj duab xis, uas tuaj yeem cais cov huab cua xav txog lub zog lossis muaj cov thermal conductivity tsawg.
② Cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau thermal decomposition los tsim cov roj uas tsis yog hluav taws xob, yog li diluting combustible gases thiab diluting cov concentration ntawm oxygen nyob rau hauv combustion cheeb tsam;③ Kev sib cais thiab decomposition ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob nqus cua sov thiab siv cua sov;
④ Cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab txhawb kev tsim cov txheej txheem thermal rwb thaiv tsev rau saum npoo ntawm cov yas, tiv thaiv kev kub nyhiab thiab kev sib txuas ntxiv.
12.Vim li cas cov yas ua rau hluav taws xob zoo li qub thaum ua los yog siv?
Teb: Vim qhov tseeb tias cov saw hlau molecular ntawm lub ntsiab polymer feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm covalent bonds, lawv tsis tuaj yeem ionize lossis hloov electrons.Thaum lub sij hawm ua thiab siv nws cov khoom, thaum nws los rau hauv kev sib cuag thiab kev sib txhuam nrog lwm yam khoom los yog nws tus kheej, nws yuav raug nqi vim qhov nce los yog poob ntawm electrons, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ploj mus los ntawm tus kheej conduction.
13. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv molecular ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog dab tsi?
Teb: RYX R: oleophilic pawg, Y: pawg txuas, X: pawg hydrophilic.Hauv lawv cov molecules, yuav tsum muaj qhov sib npaug tsim nyog ntawm pawg tsis yog-polar oleophilic thiab pawg polar hydrophilic, thiab lawv yuav tsum muaj qee yam sib xws nrog cov ntaub ntawv polymer.Alkyl pawg saum C12 yog cov pab pawg oleophilic, thaum hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, thiab ether bonds yog pawg hydrophilic.
14. Qhia luv luv txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li qub.
Teb: Ua ntej, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li qub tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab txuas ntxiv rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, uas tuaj yeem tso siab rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom nrog qee qib ntawm hygroscopicity thiab ionization, yog li txo cov nplaim hluav taws xob thiab ua rau cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo li sai tau. xau, txhawm rau ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv zoo li qub;Qhov thib ob yog los muab cov khoom nto nrog ib qho kev sib tw ntawm lubrication, txo cov kev sib txhuam coefficient, thiab yog li suppress thiab txo cov tiam ntawm cov nqi zoo li qub.
① Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sab nraud feem ntau yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj lossis cov khoom tawg nrog dej, cawv, lossis lwm yam kuab tshuaj organic.Thaum siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li qub rau impregnate cov ntaub ntawv polymer, qhov hydrophilic ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li qub tau nrawm nrawm rau ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab qhov hydrophilic absorbs dej los ntawm huab cua, yog li tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv. , uas plays lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tshem tawm hluav taws xob zoo li qub;
② Internal anti-static tus neeg sawv cev yog tov rau hauv lub polymer matrix thaum lub sij hawm ua yas, thiab ces tsiv mus nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub polymer los ua lub luag hauj lwm los tiv thaiv zoo li qub;
③ Polymer blended mus tas li anti-static tus neeg sawv cev yog ib txoj kev ntawm uniformly blending hydrophilic polymers rau hauv ib tug polymer los tsim cov conductive raws uas coj thiab tso tawm static nqi.
15.Qhov kev hloov pauv feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov roj hmab tom qab vulcanization?
Teb: ① Cov roj hmab vulcanized tau hloov los ntawm cov qauv linear mus rau peb-dimensional network qauv;② Cua sov tsis ntws lawm;③ Tsis soluble hauv nws cov kuab tshuaj zoo;④ Txhim kho modulus thiab hardness;⑤ Txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab;⑥ Txhim kho kev laus tiv thaiv thiab tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov;⑦ Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov nruab nrab yuav txo qis.
16. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm sulfur sulfide thiab sulfur pub sulfide?
Teb: ① Sulfur vulcanization: Ntau cov sulfur bonds, tshav kub tsis kam, tsis zoo aging kuj, zoo yooj, thiab loj mus tas li deformation;② Sulfur pub: Ntau qhov sib txuas ntawm cov sulfur, zoo tiv thaiv tshav kub thiab kev laus.
17. Tus neeg txhawb nqa vulcanization ua dab tsi?
Teb: Txhim kho kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom siv roj hmab, txo cov nqi, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm.Cov khoom uas tuaj yeem txhawb nqa vulcanization.Nws tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm vulcanization, txo qhov kub ntawm vulcanization, txo tus nqi ntawm vulcanizing tus neeg sawv cev, thiab txhim kho lub cev thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov roj hmab.
18. Hlawv tshwm sim: yog hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm vulcanization thaum ntxov ntawm cov khoom siv roj hmab thaum ua.
19. Qhia luv luv txog kev ua haujlwm thiab ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj vulcanizing
Teb: Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus activator yog txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab accelerator, txo qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm tus accelerator, thiab txo lub sijhawm vulcanization.
Active neeg sawv cev: ib yam khoom uas yuav ua rau kom cov kev ua ntawm cov organic accelerators, tso cai rau lawv kom tag nrho lawv cov hauj lwm zoo, yog li txo tus nqi ntawm accelerators siv los yog shortening lub sij hawm vulcanization.Cov neeg ua haujlwm nquag tau muab faib ua ob pawg: inorganic active agents thiab organic active agents.Inorganic surfactants feem ntau suav nrog hlau oxides, hydroxides, thiab cov carbonates yooj yim;Organic surfactants feem ntau suav nrog fatty acids, amines, soaps, polyols, thiab amino cawv.Ntxiv me me ntawm activator rau cov roj hmab compound tuaj yeem txhim kho nws cov qib vulcanization.
1) Inorganic active agents: feem ntau yog hlau oxides;
2) Organic active agents: mas fatty acids.
Ceeb Toom: ① ZnO tuaj yeem siv los ua cov hlau oxide vulcanizing tus neeg sawv cev rau crosslink halogenated roj hmab;② ZnO tuaj yeem txhim kho cov cua sov ntawm cov roj hmab vulcanized.
20.Dab tsi yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm accelerators thiab hom accelerators muaj cov teebmeem zoo li cas?
Teb: Hauv qab qhov kub ntawm vulcanization, nws yuav tsis ua rau vulcanization thaum ntxov.Thaum qhov kub ntawm vulcanization mus txog, qhov kev ua haujlwm vulcanization yog siab, thiab cov cuab yeej no hu ua cov nyhuv tom qab ntawm lub accelerator.Sulfonamides muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab.
21. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj nplua nyeem thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lubricants sab hauv thiab sab nraud?
Teb: Lubricant - ib qho ntxiv uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib txhuam thiab adhesion ntawm cov khoom yas thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov yaj thiab cov hlau ntawm cov khoom siv ua haujlwm, ua kom cov dej ntws ntawm cov resin, ua tiav cov sij hawm kho cov resin plasticization, thiab tswj xyuas tas li, hu ua lubricant.
Cov lubricants sab nrauv tuaj yeem ua rau lubricity ntawm cov yas yas thaum lub sij hawm ua, txo cov adhesion quab yuam ntawm cov yas thiab hlau, thiab txo cov neeg kho tshuab shear quab yuam, yog li ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tau yooj yim tshaj plaws yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom yas.Internal lubricants tuaj yeem txo cov kev sib txhuam sab hauv ntawm cov polymers, ua kom cov melting npaum li cas thiab yaj deformation ntawm plastics, txo cov viscosity yaj, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm plasticization.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lubricants sab hauv thiab sab nraud: Cov lubricants sab hauv yuav tsum muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov polymers, txo kev sib txhuam ntawm cov saw hlau molecular, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo;Thiab cov lubricants sab nraud xav tau qee qhov kev sib raug zoo nrog cov polymers kom txo tau kev sib txhuam ntawm cov polymers thiab machined nto.
22. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov fillers?
Teb: Qhov loj ntawm qhov kev txhawb zog yog nyob ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov yas nws tus kheej, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom muab tub lim, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw thiab qhov loj me, kev ua haujlwm saum npoo, qhov loj me thiab kev faib tawm, theem qauv, thiab kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev tawg ntawm cov khoom hauv polymers.Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov muab tub lim thiab cov txheej txheem sib txuas tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob polymer, uas suav nrog ob lub zog ntawm lub cev lossis tshuaj siv los ntawm cov khoom seem ntawm cov saw hlau polymer, nrog rau cov crystallization thiab kev taw qhia ntawm cov saw hlau polymer. nyob rau hauv lub interface txheej.
23. Yam dab tsi cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog?
Teb: ① Lub zog ntawm tus neeg sawv cev txhawb nqa yog xaiv kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua;② Lub zog ntawm cov polymers yooj yim tuaj yeem ntsib los ntawm kev xaiv thiab hloov pauv ntawm cov polymers;③ Kev sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw ntawm plasticizers thiab cov polymers yooj yim;④ Lub koom haum cov ntaub ntawv rau cov khoom siv ntxiv.
24. Dab tsi yog tus neeg sawv cev sib txuas, nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv molecular, thiab ua piv txwv los qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua.
Teb: Coupling agents xa mus rau ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov muab tub lim thiab cov ntaub ntawv polymer.
Muaj ob hom kev ua haujlwm hauv nws cov qauv molecular: ib tus tuaj yeem raug tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov polymer matrix lossis tsawg kawg muaj kev sib raug zoo;Lwm hom tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv cog lus tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj inorganic.Piv txwv li, silane coupling tus neeg sawv cev, cov qauv dav dav tuaj yeem sau ua RSiX3, qhov twg R yog ib pab pawg ua haujlwm nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm nrog cov polymer molecules, xws li vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, thiab thiol pawg.X yog ib pawg alkoxy uas tuaj yeem hydrolyzed, xws li methoxy, ethoxy, thiab lwm yam.
25. Dab tsi yog ib tug foaming agent?
Teb: Foaming tus neeg sawv cev yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv microporous ntawm cov roj hmab lossis cov yas hauv cov kua lossis cov yas hauv ib qho viscosity ntau yam.
Lub cev foaming tus neeg sawv cev: ib hom kev sib xyaw uas ua tiav cov hom phiaj foaming los ntawm kev tso siab rau kev hloov pauv ntawm nws lub cev lub cev thaum lub sijhawm ua npuas dej;
Tshuaj foaming agent: Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws yuav thermally decompose los tsim ib los yog ntau dua gases, ua rau polymer foaming.
26. Dab tsi yog yam ntxwv ntawm inorganic chemistry thiab organic chemistry nyob rau hauv decomposition ntawm foaming agents?
Teb: Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov organic foaming agents: ① zoo dispersibility hauv polymers;② Lub decomposition kub ntau yog nqaim thiab yooj yim los tswj;③ Cov n2 roj generated tsis kub hnyiab, tawg, liquefy yooj yim, muaj ib tug tsawg diffusion tus nqi, thiab tsis yooj yim rau kev khiav tawm ntawm lub npuas dej, ua rau ib tug siab robe npaum li cas;④ Cov khoom me me ua rau ua npuas dej me me;⑤ Muaj ntau ntau yam;⑥ Tom qab foaming, muaj ntau qhov seem, qee zaum siab li 70% -85%.Cov residues no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntxhiab tsw, paug cov ntaub ntawv polymer, lossis ua rau qhov tshwm sim te;⑦ Thaum lub sij hawm decomposition, nws feem ntau yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv exothermic.Yog hais tias lub decomposition tshav kub ntawm tus neeg sawv cev foaming siv yog siab dhau lawm, nws yuav ua rau ib tug loj kub gradient nyob rau hauv thiab sab nraum lub foaming system thaum lub sij hawm foaming txheej txheem, tej zaum yuav ua rau kub sab hauv thiab ua rau lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm lub polymer Organic foaming agents. feem ntau yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau kev tiv thaiv hluav taws thaum khaws cia thiab siv.
27. Dab tsi yog xim masterbatch?
Teb: Nws yog ib qho aggregate ua los ntawm uniformly loading super tas li pigments los yog dyes rau hauv ib resin;Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb: pigments lossis dyes, cov cab kuj, dispersants, additives;Muaj nuj nqi: ① Pab kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg tshuaj thiab xim ruaj khov ntawm cov xim;② Txhim kho qhov dispersibility ntawm pigments hauv plastics;③ Tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm;④ Cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab hloov xim yooj yim;⑤ Ib puag ncig huv si thiab tsis muaj kab mob hauv cov khoom siv;⑥ Txuag sijhawm thiab cov khoom siv raw.
28. Lub zog xim hais txog dab tsi?
Teb: Nws yog lub peev xwm ntawm colorants los cuam tshuam cov xim ntawm tag nrho cov sib tov nrog lawv tus kheej xim;Thaum cov tshuaj pleev xim siv rau hauv cov khoom yas, lawv lub hwj chim npog yog hais txog lawv lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv lub teeb los ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov khoom.
Lub sij hawm xa tuaj: Plaub Hlis-11-2024